Naval/Maritime History - 20th of August - Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History (2024)

Uwek said:

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
19 September 1758 – Launch of HMS Alarm, a 32 gun Niger-class frigate,
she was later the first ship in the Royal Navy to have a fully copper-sheathed hull

HMS

Alarm was a 32-gun fifth rate Niger-class frigate of the Royal Navy, and was the first Royal Navy ship to bear this name. Copper-sheathed in 1761, she was the first ship in the Royal Navy to have a fully copper-sheathed hull

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This print, published by Carington Bowles in 1781, is inscribed: 'His Mjesty's ship the Alarm, a fifth rate carrying 36 Guns, and 300 Men; Conducting a Spanish Prize into Gibralter [sic]'. 'Alarm' was part of the fleet under Vice Admiral George Darby, which managed to break through the Spanish blockade during the Siege of Gibraltar on 12 April, 1781, providing vital supplies to the 6,000 or so troops garrisoned on the island. This was the Second Relief of Gibraltar. The first, under Admiral George Rodney, reached Gibraltar in the spring of 1780, bringing reinforcements of 1,052 men to the existing 5,282 troops stationed on the island, as well as an abundance of supplies. 'Alarm' is shown port-side and fully rigged, but having sustained considerable damage to her sails from enemy fire. Two manned vessels, probably Xebecks, are pictured to her port-side and at her stern. Gibraltar appears on the horizon.
Read more at http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/138805.html#4eSfQXYesxwExREo.99

History
Experiments with copper sheathing
Alarm initially saw deployment in the West Indies, where she experimentally had her hull sheathed in a thin layer of copper. Firstly it was intended to reduce the considerable damage caused by the teredo woodworm , and secondly the well-established toxic property of copper was expected to lessen the speed-killing barnacle growth which always occurred on ships' hulls. Alarm’s hull was first covered with soft stuff, which was hair, yarn and brown paper, and then covered with a layer of copper plates.

After a two-year deployment to the West Indies, Alarm was beached in order to examine the effects of the experiment. The copper had performed very well in protecting the hull from invasion by worm, and in preventing the growth of weed, for when in contact with water, the copper produced a poisonous film, composed mainly of oxychloride, that deterred these marine creatures. Furthermore, as this film was slightly soluble it gradually washed away, leaving no way in which marine life could attach itself to the ship. Satisfied that the copper had had the desired effect, the Admiralty introduced copper sheathing on a number of frigates.

In 1776 Alarm was resurveyed. It was soon discovered that the sheathing had become detached from the hull in many places because the iron nails which had been used to fasten the copper to the timbers had been ‘much rotted’. Closer inspection revealed that some nails, which were less corroded, were insulated from the copper by brown paper which was trapped under the nail head. The copper had been delivered to the dockyard wrapped in the paper which was not removed before the sheets were nailed to the hull. The obvious conclusion therefore, and the one which had been highlighted in a separate report to the Admiralty in as early as 1763, was that iron should not be allowed direct contact with copper in a sea water environment if severe corrosion of the iron was to be avoided. Later ships were designed with this in mind. The Admiralty had largely suspended the programme of fitting ships with copper sheathing after the 1763 report, and had not shown any further interest in developing effective copper sheathing until 1775. In the meantime the copper sheathing was removed from Alarm, and several other test vessels until an effective solution to the corrosion problem could be developed.

Later in her career she was commanded by a young John Jervis, from 1769 onwards. He sailed for the Mediterranean in May and arrived in Genoa on 7 September. Aboard Alarm at this time was Samuel Hood, son of Alexander Hood, and one of the many members of the Hood family to serve at sea. Samuel Hood served aboard Alarm from November 1765 to July 1772, in the post of purser.

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Near loss
On the return voyage to England, on 6 April 1770, she was saved by Georges René Le Peley de Pléville from being wrecked off Marseilles. The Alarm had been battered by a storm in the evening and ran aground on the coast of Provence amongst boulders, and was in imminent danger of breaking up. Pléville quickly mustered the harbour pilots and rushed to the relief of the English. By the time he was able to board her, the Alarm had already almost heeled over many times, and began to run aground. Pléville ordered a manœuvre that got her afloat again and brought her into harbour at Marseilles. In gratitude for Pléville's actions, the Admiralty sent Jervis and Alarm back to Marseilles in December to deliver a letter which read

Sir, the quality of the service which you have rendered to the frigate Alarm gives rise to the noble envy and admiration of the English. Your courage, your prudence, your intelligence, your talents have merited a crown on your efforts from Providence. Success has been your reward, but we pray you to accept as a homage rendered to your merit and as a pledge of our esteem and recognition, that which captain Jervis is charged with rendering back to you. In the name and order of my lords, Stephans​

The present was a piece of silverware in the form of an urn, on which were engraved dolphins and other maritime attributes, with a model of the Alarm, and a richly engraved lid surmounted by a triton. Remarkable in its elegance of form and high level of finish and workmanship, this vase bore the English Coat of Arms, and had the following inscription, intended to preserve the memory of the event which had merited the present:

Georgio-Renato Pleville Le Pelley, nobili normano Grandivillensi, navis bellicœ portusque Massiliensis pro prœfecto, ob navim regiam in litiore gallico pericli – tantem virtute diligentiâque suâ servatam septem vin rei navalis Britannicœ. M.DCCLXX. ([Presented] to Georges-René Pléville Le Pelley, noble Norman of Granville, commander of a warship and of the port of Marseilles, because he saved from destruction a Royal Navy vessel which was about to be lost on the French coast – the seven lords of the British Admiralty [presented] this [for] the great courage and diligence he showed. 1770)​

Thinking that he could not receive a gift from a foreign sovereign, de Pléville only accepted the urn after having been duly authorised to do so by the king of France. Jervis was also extremely grateful to de Pléville, and eager for the chance to reward him. He wrote to his sister from Alarm, anchored at Mahon on 27 December 1770:

I was twenty-four hours in the Bay of Marseilles, about a fortnight ago; just time enough to receive the warm embraces of the man to whose bravery and friendship I had, some months before, been indebted for my reputation, the preservation of the lives of the people under my command, and of the Alarm. You would have felt infinite pleasure at the scene of our interview.​

Ten years later, de Pléville's devotion to the safety of the Alarm gained another reward, when his son — a young naval officer — was captured on board a frigate at the end of a battle in 1780 and taken to England. There, the British Admiralty sent him back to France without requiring a prisoner-exchange, after having authorised him to choose three other French naval officers to go with him.

The Admiralty were also greatly pleased by Jervis’ actions in this matter, allowing his further promotion. From 1771 to May 1772, the ship became the “home” of the Duke of Gloucester, who was spending time in the Mediterranean because of ill health. Alarm then returned to England for paying off.

Off America
On 9 March 1783, Alarm was involved in one of the last naval battles of the American Revolutionary War, when Alarm, Sibyl and the sloop of war Tobago intercepted two American vessels, the frigate USS Alliance and the transport Duc de Lauzun. The American ships were transporting bullion to the Continental forces and both sides were unaware that peace had been ratified over a month before. After a short battle between Sibyl and Alliance, the Americans escaped. Alarm did not actively participate in the battle herself.

In 1796, Alarm violated Trinidad’s neutrality, so contributing to Spain’s declaration of war on the side of Revolutionary France. In February 1797, Alarm was among the vessels of the British flotilla that captured Trinidad.

Fate
Alarm shared with Amphion in the head-money that was finally paid in March 1829, for the capture of a Spanish gunboat, Nuestra Senora del Corvodorvya (alias Asturiana), on 25 November 1799.

Alarm continued in service for a number of years, finally being broken up in September 1812 at Portsmouth having spent 34 years in service.

The Niger-class frigates were 32-gun sailing frigates of the fifth rate produced for the Royal Navy. They were designed in 1757 by Sir Thomas Slade, and were an improvement on his 1756 design for the 32-gun Southampton-class frigates.

Slade's design was approved in September 1757, on which date four ships were approved to be built to these plans - three by contract and a fourth in a royal dockyard. Seven more ships were ordered to the same design between 1759 and 1762 - three more to be built by contract and four in royal dockyards. Stag and Quebec were both reduced to 28-gun sixth rates in 1778, but were then restored to 32-gun fifth rates in 1779.

Ships in class

• HMS Stag
  • Ordered: 19 September 1757
  • Built by: Thomas Stanton & Company, Rotherhithe.
  • Keel laid: 26 September 1757
  • Launched: 4 September 1758
  • Completed: 4 December 1758 at Deptford Dockyard.
  • Fate: Taken to pieces at Deptford Dockyard in July 1783.
• HMS Alarm
  • Ordered: 19 September 1757
  • Built by: John Barnard & John Turner, Harwich.
  • Keel laid: 26 September 1757
  • Launched: 19 September 1758
  • Completed: 24 June 1759 at the builder's shipyard.
  • Fate: Taken to pieces at Portsmouth Dockyard in September 1812.
• HMS Aeolus
  • Ordered: 19 September 1757
  • Built by: Thomas West, Deptford.
  • Keel laid: September 1757
  • Launched: 29 November 1758
  • Completed: 18 January 1759 at Deptford Dockyard.
  • Fate: Renamed Guernsey on 7 May 1800. Taken to pieces at Sheerness Dockyard in April 1801.
• HMS Niger
  • Ordered: 19 September 1757
  • Built by: Sheerness Dockyard.
  • Keel laid: 7 February 1758
  • Launched: 25 September 1759
  • Completed: 24 November 1759.
  • Fate: Renamed Negro 1813. Sold at Portsmouth Dockyard on 29 September 1814.
• HMS Montreal
  • Ordered: 6 June 1759
  • Built by: Sheerness Dockyard.
  • Keel laid: 26 April 1760
  • Launched: 15 September 1761
  • Completed: 10 October 1761.
  • Fate: Captured by French squadron off Gibraltar on 1 May 1779.
• HMS Quebec
  • Ordered: 16 July 1759
  • Built by: John Barnard & John Turner, Harwich.
  • Keel laid: July 1759
  • Launched: 14 July 1760
  • Completed: 9 August 1760 at the builder's shipyard.
  • Fate: Blew up and sunk in action against French frigate La Surveillante off Ushant on 6 October 1779.
• HMS Pearl
  • Ordered: 24 March 1761
  • Built by: Chatham Dockyard.
  • Keel laid: 6 May 1761
  • Launched: 27 March 1762
  • Completed: 14 May 1762.
  • Fate: Renamed Prothee 19 March 1825. Sold at Portsmouth Dockyard on 14 January 1832.

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HMS Pearl and Santa Monica, Azores, September 1779. La Santa Monica had been built at Cartagena during 1777.

• HMS Emerald
  • Ordered: 24 March 1761
  • Built by: Hugh Blaydes, Hull.
  • Keel laid: 13 May 1761
  • Launched: 8 June 1762
  • Completed: October 1762 at the builder's shipyard.
  • Fate: Taken to pieces at Deptford Dockyard in October 1793.
• HMS Winchelsea
  • Ordered: 11 August 1761
  • Built by: Sheerness Dockyard.
  • Keel laid: 29 March 1762
  • Launched: 31 May 1764
  • Completed: 26 June 1766.
  • Fate: Sold at Sheerness Dockyard on 3 November 1813.
• HMS Glory
  • Ordered: 30 January 1762
  • Built by: Hugh Blaydes & Thomas Hodgson, Hull.
  • Keel laid: March 1762
  • Launched: 24 October 1763
  • Completed: December 1763 at the builder's shipyard.
  • Fate: Taken to pieces at Woolwich Dockyard in January 1786.
• HMS Aurora
  • Ordered: 8 December 1762
  • Built by: Chatham Dockyard.
  • Keel laid: 10 October 1763
  • Launched: 13 January 1766
  • Completed: 24 July 1769.
  • Fate: Lost with all hands in the Indian Ocean (disappeared, fate unknown) in January 1770.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Alarm_(1758)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger-class_frigate

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It was so interesting reading about the first experimental use of copper sheathing and the effects it had on the teredo woodworm and especially how the toxics in the copper lessened the barnacle's growth on ships hulls. Who knew?